林權(quán)抵押貸款是以林地使用權(quán)和林木所有權(quán)作為抵押物的貸款新品種。這項(xiàng)貸款業(yè)務(wù)的創(chuàng)新之處在于，它打破了長(zhǎng)期以來銀行貸款抵押以房地產(chǎn)為主的單一格局，引入了林地使用權(quán)和林木所有權(quán)這一新型抵押物，使“沉睡”的森林資源變成了可以抵押變現(xiàn)的資產(chǎn)。實(shí)踐證明，開辦林權(quán)抵押貸款，一方面，可以有效地解決林農(nóng)和林業(yè)企業(yè)的融資難問題，推動(dòng)林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，促進(jìn)林農(nóng)增收；另一方面，也可為金融機(jī)構(gòu)開辟新的業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域，提升金融機(jī)構(gòu)的經(jīng)營(yíng)效益。但是，也要清醒地看到，林權(quán)抵押貸款畢竟是一項(xiàng)全新的貸款業(yè)務(wù)，尚處于探索階段，業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展過程中仍然面臨諸多困難和問題，應(yīng)當(dāng)引起高度重視。

　　Forest tenure mortgage loan is a new type of loan that uses forest land use rights and forest ownership as collateral. The innovation of this loan business lies in breaking the long-standing single pattern of real estate as the main collateral for bank loans, introducing a new type of collateral such as forest land use rights and forest ownership, turning "dormant" forest resources into assets that can be mortgaged and realized. Practice has proven that establishing forest tenure mortgage loans can effectively solve the financing difficulties of forest farmers and forestry enterprises, promote the rapid development of forestry economy, and increase the income of forest farmers; On the other hand, it can also open up new business areas for financial institutions and enhance their operational efficiency. However, it should also be soberly recognized that forest tenure mortgage loans are a brand new loan business that is still in the exploratory stage, and there are still many difficulties and problems in the process of business development, which should be highly valued.

　　規(guī)制缺陷拖累貸款發(fā)展

　　Regulatory deficiencies hinder the development of loans

　　――貸款抵押范圍偏窄。一些地區(qū)金融機(jī)構(gòu)為避免出現(xiàn)貸款風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，在抵押物的選擇上偏于保守。

　　The scope of loan collateral is relatively narrow. Some financial institutions in certain regions tend to be conservative in their choice of collateral to avoid loan risks.

　　――貸款期限與林業(yè)生產(chǎn)周期嚴(yán)重不匹配。目前，林農(nóng)貸款主要用于植樹造林、發(fā)展林地經(jīng)濟(jì)。林木的生長(zhǎng)周期較長(zhǎng)，一般樹木成材需要10年以上的時(shí)間，落葉松生長(zhǎng)15年以上方可間伐、23年以上才能成材，紅松的生長(zhǎng)周期則更長(zhǎng)。林地種植的人參、中藥材的生長(zhǎng)周期大多也在8年左右，生長(zhǎng)周期較短的五味子也需3年的時(shí)間。而目前一些地區(qū)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的放貸期限以一年期為主，最長(zhǎng)不得超過3年。貸款期限與林業(yè)生產(chǎn)周期的嚴(yán)重不匹配，既不適應(yīng)林業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要，又給林農(nóng)償還貸款帶來了困難。

　　The loan term is seriously mismatched with the forestry production cycle. At present, forest farmer loans are mainly used for afforestation and the development of forest economy. The growth cycle of trees is relatively long. Generally, it takes more than 10 years for trees to mature. Larch trees need to grow for more than 15 years before thinning, and more than 23 years before they can mature. The growth cycle of Pinus koraiensis is even longer. The growth cycle of ginseng and traditional Chinese medicine planted in forest land is mostly around 8 years, and the shorter growth cycle of Schisandra chinensis also takes 3 years. At present, the lending period of some financial institutions in certain regions is mainly one year, with a maximum of three years. The serious mismatch between loan term and forestry production cycle not only fails to meet the needs of forestry production development, but also brings difficulties to forest farmers in repaying loans.

　　――評(píng)估費(fèi)用高。根據(jù)現(xiàn)行有關(guān)規(guī)定，林業(yè)評(píng)估費(fèi)用按評(píng)估標(biāo)的額3%～6%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)收取，這對(duì)于收入水平相對(duì)較低的農(nóng)戶來說，的確是一個(gè)不小的負(fù)擔(dān)。如此之高的收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚇退了不少想貸款的企業(yè)和農(nóng)民。

　　The evaluation cost is high. According to current regulations, forestry assessment fees are charged at a rate of 3% to 6% of the assessed value, which is indeed a significant burden for farmers with relatively low income levels. Such high fee standards have deterred many businesses and farmers who want to take out loans.

　　――貸款林農(nóng)辦理抵押登記不便。按照有關(guān)規(guī)定，抵押登記需到縣級(jí)以上林業(yè)管理部門辦理。但許多農(nóng)民離縣城較遠(yuǎn)，居住在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的農(nóng)民離縣城甚至在百公里以上，這給農(nóng)民貸款抵押登記帶來不便，一些農(nóng)民也因此放棄了辦理林權(quán)抵押貸款的想法。

　　It is inconvenient for loan farmers to handle mortgage registration. According to relevant regulations, mortgage registration needs to be handled at the forestry management department at or above the county level. But many farmers are far away from the county town, and those living in remote areas are even more than a hundred kilometers away from the county town, which brings inconvenience to farmers' loan mortgage registration. As a result, some farmers have given up the idea of applying for forest right mortgage loans.

　　――林業(yè)資源變現(xiàn)困難。目前我國(guó)林木采伐實(shí)行指標(biāo)管理，采伐指標(biāo)由縣級(jí)林業(yè)主管部門或者其授權(quán)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府依照有關(guān)規(guī)定審核發(fā)放采伐許可證。在實(shí)際操作中，由于對(duì)采伐指標(biāo)控制嚴(yán)格，申請(qǐng)手續(xù)繁瑣，審批時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，部分林農(nóng)的林木到了砍伐期或間伐期，卻因采伐指標(biāo)的限制而無法采伐。林木資源不能及時(shí)采伐出售，不利于林農(nóng)如期償還貸款，也不利于銀行在出現(xiàn)信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后及時(shí)處置抵押林木。

　　Difficulties in realizing forestry resources. At present, China implements quota management for forest logging, and the logging quotas are reviewed and issued with logging permits by county-level forestry authorities or authorized township governments in accordance with relevant regulations. In practical operation, due to strict control over logging indicators, cumbersome application procedures, and long approval times, some forest farmers' trees cannot be harvested during the logging or thinning period due to the limitations of logging indicators. The inability to timely harvest and sell forest resources is not conducive to timely repayment of loans by forest farmers, nor is it conducive to banks disposing of mortgaged trees in a timely manner when credit risks arise.

　　――缺乏貸款的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)保證和補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。林權(quán)抵押貸款發(fā)放后，一旦林業(yè)生產(chǎn)遇到自然災(zāi)害，不僅林農(nóng)要遭受經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，而且也會(huì)影響銀行貸款的償還。此時(shí)，林業(yè)保險(xiǎn)對(duì)減少林業(yè)信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，幫助林農(nóng)災(zāi)后迅速恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)，促進(jìn)林業(yè)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展就起到了不可或缺的作用。但是，由于目前一些地方尚未開辦森林資產(chǎn)的保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)，遇有自然災(zāi)害時(shí)必然威脅到林農(nóng)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)雙方的利益，從而在一定程度上影響了林權(quán)抵押貸款的擴(kuò)大。

　　Lack of risk guarantee and compensation mechanism for loans. After the issuance of forest tenure mortgage loans, if forestry production encounters natural disasters, not only will forest farmers suffer economic losses, but it will also affect the repayment of bank loans. At this time, forestry insurance plays an indispensable role in reducing forestry credit risks, helping forest farmers quickly recover production after disasters, and promoting stable forestry development. However, due to the lack of forest asset insurance services in some areas, natural disasters inevitably threaten the interests of both forest farmers and financial institutions, thereby affecting the expansion of forest mortgage loans to a certain extent.

　　多方入手完善貸款制度

　　Multiple approaches to improve the loan system

　　建議改進(jìn)貸款管理辦法。一是合理擴(kuò)大貸款抵押范圍。除特殊用途的公益林之外，荒山荒林、干堅(jiān)果經(jīng)濟(jì)林、雜木林、樹齡在10年以下的紅松、落葉松等各種林木均應(yīng)納入貸款抵押范圍。由于樹種不同、信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不同，貸款的抵押率應(yīng)有所差別。比如，樹齡在10年以下的紅松、落葉松屬于幼齡樹，不能砍伐出售，轉(zhuǎn)讓相對(duì)困難，信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大，其貸款抵押率應(yīng)控制在20%以下。二是在貸款期限的設(shè)定上，盡量與林業(yè)生產(chǎn)周期相匹配，并根據(jù)實(shí)際情況做好續(xù)貸工作。由于林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)收益的非一次性獲得，貸款償還方式也要靈活確定，可分期按比例償還，以減輕林農(nóng)還貸壓力。三是要根據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與收益對(duì)稱的原則，合理進(jìn)行貸款定價(jià)，科學(xué)調(diào)整貸款利率水平，做到既有利于銀行拓展信貸業(yè)務(wù)又能降低林農(nóng)負(fù)擔(dān)。四是創(chuàng)新貸款模式，除林權(quán)抵押貸款外，還應(yīng)積極嘗試林戶聯(lián)保貸款、小額貼息貸款、林權(quán)反擔(dān)保貸款、林木倉儲(chǔ)質(zhì)押貸款、林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化龍頭企業(yè)承貸等新的貸款模式，以滿足林農(nóng)和林業(yè)企業(yè)的多樣化貸款需求。

　　Suggest improving loan management methods. One is to reasonably expand the scope of loan collateral. Except for special-purpose public welfare forests, various types of forests such as barren mountains and forests, dry nut economic forests, mixed forests, and red pine and larch trees under 10 years old should be included in the scope of loan collateral. Due to different tree species and credit risks, the mortgage rate for loans should vary. For example, red pine and larch trees under 10 years old are considered young trees and cannot be cut down or sold, making it relatively difficult to transfer them. The credit risk is high, and their loan collateral ratio should be controlled below 20%. Secondly, in setting the loan term, try to match it with the forestry production cycle as much as possible, and do a good job in extending the loan according to the actual situation. Due to the non one-time acquisition of forestry industry benefits, the loan repayment method should also be flexibly determined, and can be repaid in installments and proportionally to alleviate the pressure of repayment for forest farmers. The third is to reasonably price loans based on the principle of risk and return symmetry, scientifically adjust loan interest rates, and achieve both the benefits of expanding credit business for banks and reducing the burden on forest farmers. The fourth is to innovate loan models. In addition to forest right mortgage loans, we should actively try new loan models such as forest household joint guarantee loans, small interest subsidized loans, forest right counter guarantee loans, forest storage pledge loans, and forestry industrialization leading enterprise loans to meet the diversified loan needs of forest farmers and forestry enterprises.

　　建議抵押登記就近在鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)林業(yè)站辦理。鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)林業(yè)站直接與林農(nóng)打交道，對(duì)林地的取得、有無產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛、林木價(jià)值等各種情況了解得最為詳細(xì)，完全有能力辦理抵押登記。建議縣林業(yè)部門通過授權(quán)的形式把這項(xiàng)工作交由鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)林業(yè)站辦理，這樣，既可方便企業(yè)和農(nóng)民，又可提高抵押登記工作質(zhì)量。

　　It is recommended to register the mortgage at the nearest township forestry station. The township forestry station directly deals with forest farmers and has the most detailed understanding of various situations such as the acquisition of forest land, whether there are property disputes, and the value of forest trees. It is fully capable of handling mortgage registration. It is suggested that the county forestry department delegate this work to the township forestry station through authorization. This will not only facilitate enterprises and farmers, but also improve the quality of mortgage registration work.

　　建議健全和完善林業(yè)服務(wù)體系。加強(qiáng)政、銀、林溝通協(xié)作，共同推動(dòng)林業(yè)部門加強(qiáng)森林資產(chǎn)評(píng)估工作的指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督，嚴(yán)格規(guī)范評(píng)估行為，適當(dāng)降低評(píng)估收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。盡快健全資產(chǎn)評(píng)估體系，每個(gè)縣（市）至少應(yīng)設(shè)立一家評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)，以方便林農(nóng)資產(chǎn)評(píng)估。改進(jìn)林業(yè)采伐管理辦法，優(yōu)先保證貸款抵押林木的采伐需要，確保銀行抵押權(quán)的順利實(shí)現(xiàn)。大力推進(jìn)以林權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)為主的林產(chǎn)品交易市場(chǎng)、收儲(chǔ)市場(chǎng)等配套的市場(chǎng)體系建設(shè)，為實(shí)現(xiàn)林業(yè)資源的順利流轉(zhuǎn)、為金融支持林業(yè)發(fā)展提供有效的市場(chǎng)保證。

　　Suggest improving and perfecting the forestry service system. Strengthen communication and cooperation among government, banking, and forestry departments, jointly promote the guidance and supervision of forest asset evaluation work by forestry departments, strictly regulate evaluation behavior, and appropriately reduce evaluation fee standards. Establish a sound asset evaluation system as soon as possible, and each county (city) should set up at least one evaluation institution to facilitate the evaluation of forestry and agricultural assets. Improve forestry logging management methods, prioritize ensuring the logging needs of forest trees mortgaged by loans, and ensure the smooth realization of bank mortgage rights. Vigorously promote the construction of a supporting market system, such as a forest product trading market and a storage market, mainly based on the transfer of forest rights, to provide effective market guarantees for the smooth transfer of forestry resources and financial support for forestry development.

　　建議積極開展林業(yè)保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)。建議政府有關(guān)部門加強(qiáng)與保險(xiǎn)公司的聯(lián)系和溝通，研究制定林業(yè)保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)方案，盡快開展林業(yè)保險(xiǎn)試點(diǎn)工作。建議政府實(shí)行保費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼政策，減輕參保林農(nóng)的負(fù)擔(dān)。建議通過多種渠道廣泛宣傳林業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的意義和常識(shí)，提高林農(nóng)投保的積極性，為開展林業(yè)保險(xiǎn)營(yíng)造良好氛圍。

　　Suggest actively carrying out pilot projects for forestry insurance. It is suggested that relevant government departments strengthen their contact and communication with insurance companies, study and formulate pilot plans for forestry insurance, and carry out pilot work for forestry insurance as soon as possible. It is suggested that the government implement a premium subsidy policy to alleviate the burden on insured forest farmers. It is recommended to widely promote the significance and common sense of forestry insurance through various channels, increase the enthusiasm of forest farmers to purchase insurance, and create a good atmosphere for carrying out forestry insurance.

　　建議加強(qiáng)貸后監(jiān)督檢查。銀行貸款業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)生后，應(yīng)逐戶建立貸款檔案，加強(qiáng)貸款檢查，特別應(yīng)關(guān)注抵押物的完整性和安全性，檢查抵押物的價(jià)值是否損失，抵押權(quán)是否受到侵害。同時(shí)，建議林業(yè)管理部門配合銀行搞好抵押林木的監(jiān)督管理。

　　Suggest strengthening post loan supervision and inspection. After the occurrence of bank loan business, loan files should be established on a household by household basis, and loan inspections should be strengthened. Special attention should be paid to the integrity and safety of the collateral, checking whether the value of the collateral has been lost and whether the mortgage right has been infringed. At the same time, it is recommended that the forestry management department cooperate with banks to carry out supervision and management of mortgaged forest trees.

　　本文由 森林資源資產(chǎn)評(píng)估   友情奉獻(xiàn).更多有關(guān)的知識(shí)請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊  http://m.tongxinchuangfuwx.com/   真誠(chéng)的態(tài)度.為您提供為全面的服務(wù).更多有關(guān)的知識(shí)我們將會(huì)陸續(xù)向大家奉獻(xiàn).敬請(qǐng)期待.

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