、　　自然資源資產(chǎn)核算體系建設(shè)是自然資源資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度和管理制度的基礎(chǔ)工作，解決的是“有多少、值多少”的家底盤(pán)點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。深圳市聚焦存在的問(wèn)題，探索構(gòu)建一套貨幣化與非貨幣化相結(jié)合、分類(lèi)與整體相結(jié)合、定量與定性相結(jié)合的自然資源資產(chǎn)評(píng)估核算體系。核算體系覆蓋土地、森林、濕地、礦產(chǎn)、水、草地和海洋7類(lèi)自然資源資產(chǎn)，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值核算、生態(tài)價(jià)值核算、社會(huì)價(jià)值核算三大核算系統(tǒng)，為自然資源資產(chǎn)價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)夯實(shí)了基礎(chǔ)。

　　The construction of a natural resource asset accounting system is the fundamental work of the property rights system and management system of natural resource assets, which solves the problem of inventory of "how much is there and how much is it worth". Shenzhen focuses on the existing problems and explores the construction of a natural resource asset evaluation and accounting system that combines monetization and non monetization, classification and overall, and quantitative and qualitative methods. The accounting system covers seven types of natural resource assets: land, forests, wetlands, minerals, water, grasslands, and oceans. It includes three major accounting systems: economic value accounting, ecological value accounting, and social value accounting, laying a solid foundation for realizing the value of natural resource assets.

　　1經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值核算空間資源資產(chǎn)價(jià)值核算空間資源資產(chǎn)包括土地資源資產(chǎn)和海洋資源資產(chǎn)。其中，土地資源資產(chǎn)價(jià)值核算對(duì)象包括農(nóng)用地、建設(shè)用地、儲(chǔ)備土地、林地和濕地；海洋資源資產(chǎn)價(jià)值核算包括海域和無(wú)居民海島。農(nóng)用地經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值采用基準(zhǔn)地價(jià)成果進(jìn)行核算，涉及國(guó)有耕地、國(guó)有園地、國(guó)有坑塘水面，能夠覆蓋農(nóng)用地核算對(duì)象。具體方式是將農(nóng)用地圖層與相應(yīng)的基準(zhǔn)地價(jià)圖層疊加，并充分考慮面積最大原則、臨近原則，核算出農(nóng)用地價(jià)值。建設(shè)用地價(jià)值核算主要是應(yīng)用標(biāo)定地價(jià)成果，首先將標(biāo)定地價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)換為宗地價(jià)格，再通過(guò)修正系數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為具有個(gè)別特征的待估算地塊的清查價(jià)格。圖1 標(biāo)定地價(jià)核算土地資產(chǎn)價(jià)格核算流程深圳市儲(chǔ)備土地受形成時(shí)間早、征收主體多元等因素影響，具有成本數(shù)據(jù)收集困難、規(guī)劃用途種類(lèi)繁多等特點(diǎn)。因此，深圳市在核算儲(chǔ)備土地時(shí)，暫時(shí)只核算規(guī)劃用途為建設(shè)用地部分的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值，核算方法與建設(shè)用地價(jià)值核算一致。儲(chǔ)備土地成本核算則是考慮儲(chǔ)備土地從收儲(chǔ)到出讓全流程所產(chǎn)生的成本，重點(diǎn)將土地整備成本和管理成本作為成本核算數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)，形成全市統(tǒng)一的單位面積成本價(jià)格。森林資源中的林地經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值核算、濕地資源中紅樹(shù)林地經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值核算的方法與農(nóng)用地一致。草地資源經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值按照“三區(qū)三線(xiàn)”規(guī)劃分為三部分，其中，城鎮(zhèn)開(kāi)發(fā)邊界范圍內(nèi)草地資源按照工業(yè)用地核算，生態(tài)紅線(xiàn)范圍內(nèi)草地資源按照林地核算，其余草地資源則按照耕地核算。海洋資源經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值只核算經(jīng)營(yíng)性且已取得海域使用權(quán)的海域，海洋保護(hù)區(qū)、保留區(qū)以外尚未取得海域使用權(quán)的已填成陸區(qū)域和尚未取得海域使用權(quán)的未填成陸海域，以及經(jīng)營(yíng)性已取得無(wú)居民海島使用權(quán)海島和尚未確權(quán)的可開(kāi)發(fā)利用無(wú)居民海島資源資產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。對(duì)于公益性用海用島、特殊用海用島、海洋保護(hù)區(qū)、保留區(qū)及未確權(quán)未納入可開(kāi)發(fā)利用的無(wú)居民海島資源資產(chǎn)暫時(shí)只清查實(shí)物量，未核算經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。物質(zhì)資源資產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值核算森林資源物質(zhì)資產(chǎn)包括林木、林果和古樹(shù)名木。目前林木資源資產(chǎn)核算經(jīng)過(guò)多年的市場(chǎng)驗(yàn)證已經(jīng)形成了一套較為完善的核算方法。深圳市根據(jù)林種、林齡、樹(shù)種等因素選取不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值估算方法，其中，對(duì)幼齡林的林木資產(chǎn)采用重置成本法，對(duì)中齡林和近熟林的林木資產(chǎn)采用收獲現(xiàn)值法，對(duì)成熟林、過(guò)熟林采用市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法，對(duì)竹林、果林的林木資產(chǎn)采用年均收益現(xiàn)值法。根據(jù)深圳市地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《陸域自然資源資產(chǎn)核算技術(shù)規(guī)范》，林果產(chǎn)品采用年均收益現(xiàn)值法。古樹(shù)名木的價(jià)值核算以深圳市古樹(shù)名木普查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)，核算每棵古樹(shù)名木的貨幣化價(jià)值，并運(yùn)用深圳實(shí)際案例進(jìn)行校正，分區(qū)域、分類(lèi)型、分管理主體對(duì)古樹(shù)名木經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。水資源資產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值只核算水體的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值，水體對(duì)應(yīng)的陸地則在空間資源中核算。在統(tǒng)計(jì)水資源量時(shí)，水資源可分為地表水和地下水，并根據(jù)相應(yīng)的水價(jià)進(jìn)行核算。由于深圳市礦產(chǎn)資源已經(jīng)全面停止開(kāi)發(fā)，無(wú)法獲取礦業(yè)權(quán)經(jīng)營(yíng)測(cè)算基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和技術(shù)資料，不滿(mǎn)足凈現(xiàn)值法的測(cè)算要求，因此，深圳市主要采用礦業(yè)權(quán)出讓市場(chǎng)基準(zhǔn)價(jià)修正法，再根據(jù)可采儲(chǔ)量計(jì)算出相關(guān)礦產(chǎn)的資產(chǎn)價(jià)值。

　　1. Economic value accounting: Spatial resource asset value accounting: Spatial resource assets include land resource assets and marine resource assets. Among them, the accounting objects of land resource asset value include agricultural land, construction land, reserve land, forest land, and wetlands; The valuation of marine resource assets includes sea areas and uninhabited islands. The economic value of agricultural land is calculated using benchmark land price results, involving state-owned cultivated land, state-owned gardens, and state-owned ponds and ponds, which can cover the accounting objects of agricultural land. The specific method is to overlay the agricultural map layer with the corresponding benchmark land price layer, and fully consider the principles of maximum area and proximity to calculate the value of agricultural land. The value accounting of construction land mainly applies the results of calibrated land prices. Firstly, the calibrated land price is converted into the price of the land parcel, and then converted into the inventory price of the estimated land parcel with individual characteristics through a correction coefficient. Figure 1 Calibration of Land Price Accounting Process for Land Asset Price Accounting Shenzhen's reserve land is affected by factors such as early formation time and multiple expropriation entities, making it difficult to collect cost data and having a wide variety of planned uses. Therefore, when calculating the reserve land in Shenzhen, only the economic value of the planned use as construction land is temporarily accounted for, and the accounting method is consistent with the value accounting of construction land. The cost accounting of reserved land considers the costs incurred throughout the entire process of land acquisition and transfer, with a focus on land preparation and management costs as the basis for cost accounting data, forming a unified unit area cost price for the whole city. The methods for calculating the economic value of forest land in forest resources and mangrove forest land in wetland resources are consistent with those for agricultural land. The economic value of grassland resources is divided into three parts according to the "Three Zones and Three Lines" plan. Among them, grassland resources within the urban development boundary are accounted for as industrial land, grassland resources within the ecological red line are accounted for as forest land, and the remaining grassland resources are accounted for as cultivated land. The economic value of marine resources only accounts for the economic value of operational and acquired sea areas, land filled areas outside marine protected areas and reserves that have not yet obtained sea area use rights, and land filled sea areas that have not yet obtained sea area use rights, as well as operational islands that have obtained uninhabited island use rights and the economic value of exploitable uninhabited island resource assets that have not yet been confirmed. For public welfare sea islands, special sea islands, marine protected areas, reserved areas, and uninhabited island resource assets that have not been confirmed and included in the exploitable use, only the physical quantity is temporarily checked, and the economic value is not accounted for. The economic value accounting of material resource assets includes forest trees, fruits, and ancient and famous trees. At present, the accounting of forest resource assets has formed a relatively complete set of accounting methods after years of market verification. Shenzhen city selects different economic value estimation methods based on factors such as forest species, forest age, and tree species. Among them, the reset cost method is used for the forest assets of young forests, the present value of harvest method is used for the forest assets of middle-aged and nearly mature forests, the market value inversion algorithm is used for mature and over mature forests, and the annual average present value method is used for the forest assets of bamboo forests and fruit forests. According to the local standard "Technical Specification for Land Natural Resource Asset Accounting" in Shenzhen, the annual average present value method is used for forest and fruit products. The value accounting of ancient and famous trees is based on the census data of ancient and famous trees in Shenzhen. The monetary value of each ancient and famous tree is calculated and corrected using actual cases in Shenzhen. The economic value of ancient and famous trees is statistically analyzed by region, type, and management entity. The economic value of water resources assets only accounts for the economic value of water bodies, while the land corresponding to water bodies is accounted for in spatial resources. When calculating the amount of water resources, they can be divided into surface water and groundwater, and calculated based on the corresponding water prices. Due to the complete cessation of mineral resources development in Shenzhen, it is impossible to obtain basic data and technical information for mining rights operation calculation, which does not meet the calculation requirements of the net present value method. Therefore, Shenzhen mainly adopts the mining rights transfer market benchmark price correction method, and calculates the asset value of relevant minerals based on recoverable reserves.

　　2生態(tài)價(jià)值核算主要生態(tài)價(jià)值核算方法分析目前，生態(tài)價(jià)值核算方法主要當(dāng)量因子法、功能價(jià)值法和能值法。（1）當(dāng)量因子法：核心是通過(guò)以往研究和專(zhuān)家評(píng)估的方法確定單位面積生態(tài)價(jià)值，然后再根據(jù)總面積核算區(qū)域生態(tài)價(jià)值，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是操作簡(jiǎn)單，缺點(diǎn)是精度較低。（2）功能價(jià)值法：核心是通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)或模型計(jì)算生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能實(shí)物量，再通過(guò)替代工程法等方法核算其價(jià)值量，優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于核算精度高，缺點(diǎn)在于參數(shù)復(fù)雜，技術(shù)壁壘高，價(jià)值類(lèi)型單一，難以指導(dǎo)自然資源管理。（3）能值法：從輸入生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的各種能量的角度（供給者角度）出發(fā)對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，該方法考慮到不同形式的能源、材料、人類(lèi)勞動(dòng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)服務(wù)，為探索環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)互動(dòng)提供更大的潛力，但目前該方法主要運(yùn)用于科研領(lǐng)域，實(shí)際管理中運(yùn)用較少?？傮w來(lái)看，當(dāng)前自然資源資產(chǎn)生態(tài)價(jià)值核算尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的評(píng)估核算體系和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。同時(shí)，生態(tài)價(jià)值的市場(chǎng)屬性還沒(méi)有完全顯化，大部分生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，比如水源涵養(yǎng)、調(diào)節(jié)氣候等，都是“無(wú)形”的，既沒(méi)有交易市場(chǎng)，也沒(méi)有交易價(jià)格。為了使生態(tài)價(jià)值核算能夠反映長(zhǎng)期變化趨勢(shì)，注重綜合生態(tài)效益，并兼顧反映多種價(jià)值類(lèi)型和易操作、可復(fù)制、可推廣等特點(diǎn)，深圳市以生態(tài)系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量作為評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)，提出基于“自然基點(diǎn)”的生態(tài)價(jià)值核算體系。該核算體系主要采用自然資源日常管理數(shù)據(jù)，以及無(wú)量綱的核算結(jié)果和多樣化的貨幣化方法，不僅大大降低了數(shù)據(jù)采集成本，而且能夠適用于多樣化的自然資源管理場(chǎng)景?；凇白匀换c(diǎn)”的生態(tài)價(jià)值核算方法一是劃分自然分區(qū)。在借鑒黃秉維院士主持的“中國(guó)綜合自然區(qū)劃”和鄭度院士主持的“中國(guó)生態(tài)地理區(qū)域劃分”項(xiàng)目成果的基礎(chǔ)上，綜合考慮氣候、地質(zhì)、地貌、植被類(lèi)型、土壤類(lèi)型等因素，在全國(guó)尺度上劃分自然分區(qū)，使得分區(qū)內(nèi)部一致性和外部差異性最大化。二是自然基點(diǎn)參數(shù)選取。對(duì)每類(lèi)資源選取最關(guān)鍵、最具代表性的核算指標(biāo)，用以整體反映該類(lèi)資源的核心生態(tài)功能，其中森林資源生態(tài)價(jià)值核算參數(shù)選取應(yīng)符合《森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能評(píng)估規(guī)范》（GB/T 38582—2020）的規(guī)定，濕地生態(tài)價(jià)值核算參數(shù)選取應(yīng)符合《濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)評(píng)估規(guī)范》（LY/T 2899—2017）的規(guī)定。三是自然基點(diǎn)參數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。連續(xù)性定量參數(shù)采用極差標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方法將自然屬性參數(shù)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化至[0,100]，非連續(xù)性定量參數(shù)和定性參數(shù)主要采用專(zhuān)家打分法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化至[0,100]。四是自然基點(diǎn)參數(shù)權(quán)重確定。采用專(zhuān)家打分法確定參數(shù)權(quán)重，并應(yīng)用敏感性因子分析法對(duì)權(quán)重進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。五是自然基點(diǎn)計(jì)算。通過(guò)對(duì)比核算對(duì)象在本資源內(nèi)部生態(tài)質(zhì)量的相對(duì)優(yōu)劣，將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的參數(shù)通過(guò)加權(quán)求和，得到一級(jí)自然基點(diǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)資源內(nèi)部生態(tài)價(jià)值可比，再通過(guò)綜合修正計(jì)算得到二級(jí)自然基點(diǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)不同資源間生態(tài)價(jià)值可比。六是自然基點(diǎn)的貨幣化。一級(jí)自然基點(diǎn)和二級(jí)自然基點(diǎn)均可貨幣化，基于核算目標(biāo)設(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣地的精度和數(shù)量，選取具有代表性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣地并核算其貨幣化價(jià)值，進(jìn)而推算修正其他任意地塊的貨幣化價(jià)值。根據(jù)自然資源管理實(shí)際與應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景不同，采用差異化的具體貨幣化方法，如自然資源資產(chǎn)損害賠償可以考慮采用重置成本法，生態(tài)修復(fù)成效評(píng)估可考慮采用功能價(jià)格法。圖2 基于“自然基點(diǎn)”的生態(tài)價(jià)值核算體系生態(tài)價(jià)值整體核算方法針對(duì)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)或具有明確邊界的管理單元（如國(guó)家公園），重點(diǎn)考慮其自然稟賦條件、區(qū)域發(fā)展和市場(chǎng)需求等價(jià)值影響因素，以及多資源綜合核算的必要性，銜接現(xiàn)行核算體系和統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)，基于實(shí)踐需要提出“整體核算”概念，兼顧核算成本、精度和效率，以此體現(xiàn)復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的整體生態(tài)價(jià)值。復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的整體生態(tài)價(jià)值與三方面要素有關(guān)：一是與資源的組合相關(guān)，如濕地對(duì)于其他生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的水源供給具有較強(qiáng)的正向促進(jìn)作用，而水是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)存在的最重要的核心要素之一，因此濕地具有較強(qiáng)的利他作用，濕地在復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，可以發(fā)揮復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的整體效益，而耕地（如旱地）相對(duì)于濕地來(lái)說(shuō)，其利他作用則相對(duì)較弱，因此復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的整體生態(tài)效益與其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類(lèi)型的組合具有較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。二是與復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)各資源面積占比有較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性，如在濕地與耕地面積的比例方面，如果濕地占比僅1%，那么也較難發(fā)揮濕地水源供給的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)作用，因此其生態(tài)綜合效應(yīng)較低。三是與復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的景觀(guān)格局有較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性，例如，同樣是100畝的森林，若是散落在各地，那么生態(tài)功能將受到較大的限制，難以起到物種保育等整體生態(tài)作用。復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生態(tài)價(jià)值整體核算就是在基于“自然基點(diǎn)”的生態(tài)價(jià)值核算基礎(chǔ)上，從資源組合、資源面積配比、資源景觀(guān)格局三個(gè)角度采用專(zhuān)家打分法，確定三項(xiàng)因子對(duì)復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響，進(jìn)而核算復(fù)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的整體生態(tài)價(jià)值。

　　Currently, the main methods for ecological value accounting are equivalent factor method, functional value method, and energy value method. (1) Equivalent factor method: The core is to determine the ecological value per unit area through previous research and expert evaluation methods, and then calculate the regional ecological value based on the total area. Its advantage is simple operation, but its disadvantage is low accuracy. (2) Functional value method: The core is to calculate the physical quantity of ecosystem functions through experiments or models, and then calculate their value through alternative engineering methods. The advantage is high accounting accuracy, but the disadvantage is complex parameters, high technical barriers, single value types, and difficulty in guiding natural resource management. (3) Energy value method: evaluates ecosystem services from the perspective of various energy inputs into the ecosystem (supplier perspective). This method considers different forms of energy, materials, human labor, and economic services, providing greater potential for exploring sustainable interactions between the environment and the economy. However, currently this method is mainly used in scientific research and is less commonly used in practical management. Overall, there is currently no unified evaluation and accounting system and standards for the ecological value of natural resource assets. At the same time, the market attributes of ecological value have not been fully manifested, and most ecosystem services, such as water conservation and climate regulation, are "intangible" without trading markets or prices. In order to enable ecological value accounting to reflect long-term trends, focus on comprehensive ecological benefits, and take into account the characteristics of reflecting multiple value types and being easy to operate, replicable, and promotable, Shenzhen city takes ecosystem quality as the evaluation objective and proposes an ecological value accounting system based on "natural basis". This accounting system mainly adopts daily management data of natural resources, as well as dimensionless accounting results and diversified monetization methods, which not only greatly reduces the cost of data collection, but also can be applied to diverse natural resource management scenarios. The first method of ecological value accounting based on "natural basis" is to divide natural zones. Based on the achievements of the "China Comprehensive Natural Zoning" project led by Academician Huang Bingwei and the "China Ecological Geography Regional Division" project led by Academician Zheng Du, and taking into account factors such as climate, geology, topography, vegetation types, and soil types, natural zoning is divided at the national scale to maximize internal consistency and external differences. The second is the selection of natural base point parameters. For each type of resource, select the most critical and representative accounting indicators to reflect the core ecological functions of the resource as a whole. The selection of parameters for forest resource ecological value accounting should comply with the provisions of the "Evaluation Specification for Forest Ecosystem Services" (GB/T 38582-2020), and the selection of parameters for wetland ecological value accounting should comply with the provisions of the "Evaluation Specification for Wetland Ecosystem Services" (LY/T 2899-2017). The third is the standardization of natural baseline parameters. The continuous quantitative parameters are standardized to [0100] using the range normalization method, while the non continuous quantitative and qualitative parameters are mainly standardized to [0100] using the expert scoring method. The fourth is the determination of the weight of natural base point parameters. Expert scoring method is used to determine parameter weights, and sensitivity factor analysis is applied to validate the weights. The fifth is the calculation of natural basis points. By comparing the relative advantages and disadvantages of the ecological quality of the accounting object within this resource, the standardized parameters are weighted and summed to obtain the first level natural base point, achieving comparability of the ecological value within the resource. Then, through comprehensive correction calculation, the second level natural base point is obtained, achieving comparability of ecological value between different resources. Six is the monetization of natural basis points. Both primary and secondary natural base points can be monetized. Based on the accuracy and quantity of standard plots set for accounting objectives, representative standard plots are selected and their monetized value is calculated, and then the monetized value of any other plot is calculated and corrected. According to the different practical and application scenarios of natural resource management, differentiated specific monetization methods can be adopted. For example, the replacement cost method can be considered for compensation of natural resource asset damage, and the functional price method can be considered for evaluation of ecological restoration effectiveness. Figure 2 shows the ecological value accounting system based on the "natural basis". The overall ecological value accounting method focuses on relatively independent ecosystems or management units with clear boundaries (such as national parks), with a focus on their natural endowment conditions, regional development, and market demand, as well as the necessity of multi resource comprehensive accounting. It connects the current accounting system and statistical indicators, and proposes the concept of "overall accounting" based on practical needs, taking into account accounting costs, accuracy, and efficiency, in order to reflect the overall ecological value of composite ecosystems. The overall ecological value of a composite ecosystem is related to three factors: firstly, it is related to the combination of resources. For example, wetlands have a strong positive promoting effect on the water supply of other ecosystems, and water is one of the most important core elements of the ecosystem. Therefore, wetlands have a strong altruistic effect. Wetlands can play an overall role in the composite ecosystem, while cultivated land (such as dry land) has a relatively weak altruistic effect compared to wetlands. Therefore, the overall ecological benefits of a composite ecosystem are strongly correlated with the combination of its ecosystem types. Secondly, there is a strong correlation with the proportion of various resource areas in the composite ecosystem. For example, in terms of the ratio of wetland to cultivated land area, if the proportion of wetlands is only 1%, it is also difficult to play the role of wetland water supply in ecosystem services, so its ecological comprehensive effect is relatively low. Thirdly, there is a strong correlation with the landscape pattern of composite ecosystems. For example, if a 100 acre forest is scattered in various places, its ecological functions will be greatly limited, making it difficult to achieve overall ecological functions such as species conservation. The overall accounting of the ecological value of a composite ecosystem is based on the "natural basis" of ecological value accounting, using expert scoring method from the perspectives of resource combination, resource area ratio, and resource landscape pattern to determine the impact of three factors on the composite ecosystem, and then calculate the overall ecological value of the composite ecosystem.

　　3社會(huì)價(jià)值核算社會(huì)價(jià)值是指人類(lèi)可以通過(guò)自然資源獲取的有利于個(gè)人心靈、社會(huì)健康運(yùn)行的價(jià)值，關(guān)注的是社會(huì)大眾感知、態(tài)度、偏好和價(jià)值觀(guān)，重點(diǎn)在于保障人類(lèi)福祉，以及有助于提高規(guī)劃、政策的社會(huì)關(guān)聯(lián)性?；谏鐣?huì)價(jià)值評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果，可識(shí)別哪些區(qū)域是高價(jià)值、高偏好區(qū)域，從而確定保護(hù)區(qū)域的優(yōu)先等級(jí)，也有助于減少規(guī)劃和項(xiàng)目可能造成的矛盾沖突。根據(jù)社會(huì)價(jià)值的界定來(lái)看，自然資源資產(chǎn)的社會(huì)價(jià)值主要是指生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)價(jià)值。因此，全面核算生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)價(jià)值，可認(rèn)識(shí)到人們的感知與生態(tài)環(huán)境、景觀(guān)之間關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性，有助于靈活地對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性管理，提高管理效能?，F(xiàn)階段，社會(huì)價(jià)值主要包括生態(tài)旅游、釣魚(yú)運(yùn)動(dòng)、美學(xué)、藝術(shù)教育、精神啟示和科學(xué)價(jià)值等方面。從環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)角度看，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)價(jià)值中的非物質(zhì)價(jià)值及其產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)福利均具有經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性，可以通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)估方法來(lái)衡量，特別是消遣娛樂(lè)這類(lèi)容易通過(guò)市場(chǎng)價(jià)值體現(xiàn)的，是社會(huì)價(jià)值中最容易貨幣化的。同時(shí)，社會(huì)價(jià)值中還存在其他因未進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)而無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確衡量其價(jià)值的方面，如社會(huì)關(guān)注度、美學(xué)價(jià)值等，對(duì)這些難以進(jìn)行貨幣化的，一般通過(guò)非經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值評(píng)估方法來(lái)評(píng)估。因此，在深圳市自然資源資產(chǎn)社會(huì)價(jià)值核算探索實(shí)踐中，社會(huì)價(jià)值表達(dá)主要采用定性與定量相結(jié)合的方式，以自然保護(hù)地作為核算基本單元，考慮指標(biāo)典型性和數(shù)據(jù)的可獲得性、持續(xù)性，選擇“休閑游憩”為定量核算指標(biāo)，應(yīng)用手機(jī)信令大數(shù)據(jù)和機(jī)會(huì)成本法進(jìn)行貨幣化核算。另外，基于已有的管理數(shù)據(jù)，選擇“科研教育、歷史文化、宣傳示范”為定性核算指標(biāo)，采用基于層次分析的專(zhuān)家打分法進(jìn)行定性表達(dá)。

　　Social value accounting refers to the value that humans can obtain through natural resources that is beneficial to their personal mental and social health. It focuses on the perception, attitudes, preferences, and values of the general public, with a focus on ensuring human well-being and helping to improve the social relevance of planning and policies. Based on the results of social value evaluation, it is possible to identify which areas are high-value and high preference areas, thereby determining the priority level of protected areas, and also helping to reduce potential conflicts between planning and projects. According to the definition of social value, the social value of natural resource assets mainly refers to the social value of ecosystems. Therefore, a comprehensive accounting of the social value of ecosystems can recognize the complexity of the relationship between people's perception, ecological environment, and landscape, which helps to flexibly manage ecosystems and improve management efficiency. At present, social value mainly includes aspects such as ecotourism, fishing, aesthetics, art education, spiritual inspiration, and scientific value. From the perspective of environmental economics, the non-material value and social welfare generated by ecosystems have economic attributes that can be measured through economic evaluation methods, especially leisure and entertainment, which are easily reflected in market value and are the most easily monetized social values. At the same time, there are other aspects of social value that cannot be accurately measured due to not entering the market, such as social attention, aesthetic value, etc. These are difficult to monetize and are generally evaluated through non economic value assessment methods. Therefore, in the exploration and practice of social value accounting of natural resource assets in Shenzhen, the expression of social value mainly adopts a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, taking nature reserves as the basic accounting unit, considering the typicality of indicators and the availability and sustainability of data, selecting "leisure and recreation" as the quantitative accounting indicator, and applying mobile signaling big data and opportunity cost method for monetary accounting. In addition, based on existing management data, "scientific research and education, historical culture, and propaganda demonstration" are selected as qualitative accounting indicators, and the expert scoring method based on Analytic Hierarchy Process is used for qualitative expression.

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